What Did Eugene Talmadge Do

American pol (1913–2002)

Herman Talmadge
Chair of the Senate Agronomics Committee
In office January 21, 1971 – Jan 3, 1981
Preceded by	Allen Ellender
Succeeded by	Jesse Helms
United States Senator from Georgia
In role January three, 1957 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by	Walter F. George
Succeeded by	Mack Mattingly
71st Governor of Georgia
In office November 17, 1948 – January 11, 1955
Lieutenant	Marvin Griffin
Preceded past	Melvin E. Thompson
Succeeded by	Marvin Griffin
In office January 15, 1947 – March eighteen, 1947
Lieutenant	Melvin E. Thompson
Preceded by	Eugene Talmadge (elect)
Succeeded by	Melvin E. Thompson
Personal details
Born	Herman Eugene Talmadge (1913-08-09)Baronial 9, 1913 McRae, Georgia, U.S.
Died	March 21, 2002(2002-03-21) (aged 88) Hampton, Georgia, U.S.
Political political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Katherine Williamson Betty Shingler Lynda Cowart Pierce
Children	two
Relatives	Eugene Talmadge (father)
Education	University of Georgia (BA, LLB)
Military service
Allegiance	United states of america
Co-operative/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1941–1945
Rank	Lieutenant Commander
Battles/wars	World War Two

Herman Eugene Talmadge (Baronial 9, 1913 – March 21, 2002)^[one] was an American politician who served equally governor of Georgia in 1947 and from 1948 to 1955 and as a U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1957 to 1981. Talmadge, a Democrat, served during a time of political transition, both in Georgia and nationally.^[ii] Talmadge began his career as a staunch segregationist and was known for his opposition to civil rights, ordering schools to be airtight rather than desegregated.^[3] Past the later stages of his career, withal, Talmadge had modified his earlier views. His life eventually encapsulated the emergence of his native Georgia from entrenched white supremacy into a political culture where white voters regularly elect blackness Congressmen.^{[4] [5]}

When his male parent, Eugene Talmadge, won the 1946 Georgia gubernatorial election but died before taking office, Herman Talmadge asserted claims to exist the 70th governor of Georgia, in what is known every bit the Three governors controversy. Talmadge occupied the governor's office from Jan until March 1947, before yielding to a courtroom decision in favor of Melvin Eastward. Thompson, the elected lieutenant governor. In 1948, a special election was held to determine who would stop the rest of the term; Talmadge defeated Thompson past over 6%. He was re-elected to a full term in 1950 by defeating Thompson once more in a closer race. Talmadge would then serve every bit governor until the cease of his term in 1955.^{[6] [7]}

Talmadge, who became governor as a political novice at just age 33, supported the passage of a statewide sales tax and the construction of new schools. He also supported infrastructure improvements and increased teachers' salaries.^[eight] While he remains a controversial effigy in Georgia history, especially due to his opposition to ceremonious rights, some Georgians praised Talmadge for his infrastructure improvements brought most by the passage of the sales tax.^{[7] [2]}

In the Senate, Talmadge was prominently a member of the Senate Agriculture Committee and later the Select Commission on Presidential Campaign Activities (improve known equally the Senate Watergate Committee). As chairman of the Agriculture Commission, Talmadge oversaw the passing of several major pieces of legislation, including the expansion of the Child Diet Human activity and the Consolidated Farm and Rural Evolution Act of 1972, the first major legislation dealing with rural development since the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. Talmadge was later denounced by the Senate for financial irregularities revealed during a bitter divorce from his second wife;^[2] this, along with Georgia's changing demographics, led to his defeat past Republican Mack Mattingly in his 1980 re-election campaign.

Early life, didactics and military service [edit]

Herman Talmadge was born on Baronial 9, 1913, on a farm near the small boondocks of McRae in Telfair County in the southeastern role of Georgia. He was the simply son of Eugene Talmadge and his married woman, Mattie (Thurmond) and through his mother, he was a second cousin of Southward Carolina Senator and 1948 Dixiecrat Presidential Candidate Strom Thurmond.^{[9] [x] [11]} Herman attended public schools in Telfair County until his senior year of high schoolhouse when his family unit moved to Atlanta and he enrolled at Druid Hills Loftier Schoolhouse, graduating in 1931.^[12] In the autumn of 1931, he entered the Academy of Georgia for his undergraduate degree and was a fellow member of the Demosthenian Literary Society and Sigma Nu fraternity. After completing his undergraduate studies, Talmadge enrolled in the University of Georgia Schoolhouse of Constabulary. Talmadge received his law degree in 1936 and joined his father's police force practice.^[thirteen]

In 1937 he married his kickoff wife, Katherine Williamson and the marriage ended in divorce after three years. In 1941 he married his second wife, Betty Shingler, and they had two sons, Herman Eugene Jr. and Robert Shingler.^[thirteen]

When World War II broke out, Talmadge volunteered to serve in the United states Navy. Talmadge served as an ensign with the Sixth Naval District at Charleston, SC and with the 3rd Naval Commune in New York after graduating from midshipman's school at Northwestern University. In 1942, Talmadge participated in the invasion of Guadalcanal aboard the USS Tyron. He served equally flag secretary to the commandant of naval forces in New Zealand from June 1943 to April 1944 and so as executive officer of the USS Dauphin. Talmadge participated in the battle of Okinawa and he was nowadays in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender. He attained rank of lieutenant commander and was discharged in November 1945.^[14]

Later on his service in World State of war Two, Talmadge returned to his habitation in Lovejoy, Georgia. While standing to practice law and to farm, Talmadge took over publishing his father's weekly newspaper, The Statesman, and started a ham-curing business.^[fifteen]

The Iii Governors Controversy [edit]

Later returning from the war, Talmadge became active in Democratic Party politics. He ran his father's successful 1946 entrada for governor. Eugene Talmadge had been sick, and his supporters were worried virtually his surviving long enough to be sworn in. They studied the country constitution and plant that if the governor-elect died before his term began, the Georgia General Assembly would choose between the 2d and tertiary-place finishers for the successor. The elder Talmadge ran unopposed among Democrats, so the political party officials arranged for write-in votes for Herman Talmadge as insurance.

In December 1946, the elderberry Talmadge died before taking office. Melvin East. Thompson, the lieutenant governor-elect; Ellis Arnall, the prior governor; and Herman Talmadge as write-in candidate, all arranged to exist sworn in and were meantime trying to acquit state business from the Georgia Land Capitol. Arnall relinquished his merits in favor of Thompson. Ultimately, Thompson was supported past the Supreme Court of Georgia.

Career later 1946 [edit]

Talmadge prepared to run for the special gubernatorial election in 1948, and defeated incumbent Governor Thompson. Two years later, Talmadge was elected to a full term in the 1950 ballot. During his terms, Talmadge attracted new industries to Georgia. He remained a staunch supporter of racial segregation, fifty-fifty equally the Civil rights movement gained momentum in the postwar years.

Talmadge was barred by law from seeking another full term as governor in 1954. That year the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Pedagogy that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, and advised schoolhouse systems to integrate.

United States Senate career [edit]

As role of Talmadge's 1956 Senate entrada,^[xvi] he published the infamous segregationist pamphlet, "Yous and Segregation,"^[17] arguing that desegregation was a communist plot, that the use of federal power to forbid segregation was unconstitutional, and that, in the now-imfamous phrase, the United states was a "Commonwealth non a Democracy," since democracy was communist.

Talmadge was elected to the The states Senate in 1956. Most Blackness people in Georgia were withal disenfranchised under state laws passed by white Democrats and discriminatory practices they had conducted since the turn of the 20th century. During his fourth dimension every bit U.South. Senator, Talmadge continued as a foe of ceremonious rights legislation, even equally the Ceremonious rights movement gained media coverage and increasing support across the country. Later on President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Talmadge, along with more than a dozen other southern senators, boycotted the 1964 Democratic National Convention.^[eighteen]

With the assistance of Senator Richard Russell, Talmadge had gained date to the Agriculture Committee during his first yr in Washington and to the Senate Finance Committee before long thereafter. Equally a junior member of the Agriculture Committee, Talmadge worked to address the constantly irresolute needs of the nation's farmers in an evolving global economy. Talmadge as well worked to expand support for both farmers and children and families in hunger through his work on the passage Child Nutrition Act of 1966, but most significantly in 1969 and 1970 as office of the re-authorization and expansion of the 1946 School Lunch Act which Russell had authored and considered to be his greatest legislative achievement.

Talmadge was a great admirer of the piece of work Russell had done on the 1946 act but recognized that significant improvements were needed. Talmadge, later on noting that only 1-third of American children living in families making less than $2000 a twelvemonth were able to participate in the program said "We must employ nutrient as a tool of didactics. A child cannot learn if he is hungry. It has been the experience of school administrators in economically deprived areas that there is a marked improvement in school omnipresence when children tin can look frontwards to the prospect of a good meal at school." Major goals of the new Talmadge proposal were in providing funding for equipment, increasing the required level of back up from states, allowing the "lunch to follow the child"- allowing students from depression income families that lived in higher income areas to remain eligible for the programme, establishment of the  National Advisory Council on Kid Nutrition, and special help for needy children. The amendments for these purposes became police on May 14, 1970.^{[19] [20]}

When Sen. Allen Ellender of Louisiana assumed chairmanship of the Senate Appropriations Commission post-obit Richard Russell's expiry in January 1971, Talmadge became chairman of the Senate Agriculture Commission, a position he held until leaving part in 1981.^[21]

Talmadge's elevation to Agriculture Committee Chairman came at a time when many analysts were forecasting that the world's need for food would soon outstrip its productive capacity. Under Talmadge's leadership, the Senate Agriculture Committee confronted these problems throughout the 1970s.  Talmadge oversaw the passage of several bills that more than than doubled spending on farm programs past the terminate of the 1970s. In addition to the Rural Development Act of 1972, some of the other major bills passed under Talmadge'south chairmanship included: The Agronomics and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (also known as the 1973 U.S. Farm Bill) which provided for article toll support, soil conservation, and food postage expansion for iv years. The four twelvemonth menses established a cycle that ensured the adjacent three farm bills appeared on the congressional agenda after presidential elections, and thereby preventing them from becoming entangled in election-yr politics. The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 continued the market-oriented loan and target-pricing policies of its predecessor.  Title XIV of the Act confirmed the USDA's historic role in agricultural enquiry under the National Agronomical Research, Extension, and Didactics Policy Act.  The nib as well fabricated major modifications to nutrient stamps and solidified the program as a part of the Farm Bill.

Additionally in 1977, as a result of Senate committee reorganization and in recognition of the Agriculture Commission'south increased role in addressing hunger and nutrition, growing spending for federally-supported kid nutrition (which rose from $2.four billion to more than than $viii billion during the decade), and increment of staff size (rising from seven in 1971 to 32 in 1980), the Committee's name was changed to the Committee on Agriculture, Diet, and Forestry. This was the first alter to the Committee'south name since calculation "Forestry" in 1884.^[22]

In 1968, Talmadge faced the first of his 3 Republican challengers for his Senate seat. E. Earl Patton (1927–2011), later a member of the Georgia State Senate, received 256,796 votes (22.v percent) to Talmadge'southward 885,103 (77.3 percent). Patton, a real estate developer, was the outset Republican in Georgia to run for the U.S. Senate since the Reconstruction era, when nigh Republicans had been African-American freedmen.^[23] He was a sign of the shifting white electorate in the South, where white suburbanites moved into the Republican Party.

Talmadge ran a disciplined office, requiring his staff to respond to every constituent letter within 24 hours of receipt.^[24] In 1969, Talmadge hired Curtis Lee Atkinson onto his senate staff as an administrative aide, making Atkinson the first African-American hired to work on a Southern senator's personal staff since the Reconstruction Era.^[25]

In early 1973, Talmadge was appointed to the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (ameliorate known every bit the United States Senate Watergate Committee) which investigated the activities of members of the Nixon assistants. He served on the committee until its final report was issued in June 1974. Talmadge'southward service on the committee is generally considered the high-water mark of his time as a U.Southward. Senator.^[26]

Denunciation [edit]

Tardily in his Senate career, Talmadge became embroiled in a financial scandal. Afterward an all-encompassing investigation past the Senate, on October 11, 1979, the U.S. Senate voted 81-15 to "denounce" Talmadge for "improper financial conduct" betwixt 1973 and 1978. He was found to have accepted reimbursements of $43,435.83 for official expenses not incurred, and to take improperly reported the "expenses" as campaign expenditures.^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}

After the trial, he faced significant opposition in the state's Democratic primary for the kickoff time in 24 years. Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller challenged Talmadge in the main with the support of liberals disenchanted with Talmadge's conservatism.^[31] Though he succeeded in winning the primary runoff against Miller, Talmadge'due south ethical carry was a pregnant effect and he was defeated by the Republican candidate, former state GOP chairman Mack Mattingly. ^[32] It was also believed that the bruising primary battle with Miller left Talmadge weakened for the general ballot.^[31]

Divorce [edit]

Talmadge filed for divorce from his wife, Betty, in 1977 following a long period of personal troubles for Talmadge, including self-admitted alcoholism, which spiraled out of control later his son, Bobby, drowned in 1975.^[33] The Talmadges eventually reached a divorce settlement in 1978, with Betty receiving $150,000 in cash and 100 acres of their Lovejoy plantation.^[34] She was also allowed to use the remaining ane,200 acres on the plantation.^[34] His wife testified against him in 1980 during the investigation into his finances, resulting in a denunciation from the U.S. Senate, which contributed to the terminate his long political career.

Later life [edit]

After his defeat, Talmadge retired to his home; his plantation and mansion were at present in the hands of his ex-wife, Betty. In 1984, he married his third wife, Lynda Pierce, who was 26 years younger than himself.^[35] He lived on for more than ii decades, dying at the age of 88. Talmadge and his 2d married woman, Betty, who somewhen reconciled and remained on respectful terms after the divorce, had had two sons together, Herman E. Talmadge, Jr. (died 2014), and Robert Shingler Talmadge (died 1975). Betty Talmadge died in 2005, surrounded by family, on her manor.^[36] At the time of his death, Herman Talmadge was the earliest serving former governor.

Awards [edit]

• 1969, he was awarded an honorary caste in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University.^[37]
• 1975, Morris Brown College gave Talmadge its "Human being of the Yr" award.^[38]

Run across too [edit]

• Bourgeois Democrat
• Listing of United States senators expelled or censured
• Listing of members of the American Legion

References [edit]

1. ^ Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 25, 2004). "Eugene Talmadge (1884-1946)". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2020-06-08 .
2. ^ ^{a b c} Buchanan, Scott E. (August 1, 2019) [2002]. "Herman Talmadge (1913-2002)". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2021-06-04 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
3. ^ Clymer, Adam. "Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88". The New York Times . Retrieved 2018-09-19 .
4. ^ Frug, Stephen (2008-07-07). "Accepting Equality: Rhetorical Reactions to the Changing Politics of De Jure Segregation".
5. ^ "Obituary: Herman Talmadge". the Guardian. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2021-06-05 .
6. ^ "Herman Talmadge (1913-2002)". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2021-09-28 .
7. ^ ^{a b} Write, C.C. Wilson III, Rome News-Tribune Staff. "As governor, senator, Talmadge leaves powerful legac | Local New". Northwest Georgia News . Retrieved 2018-09-24 .
8. ^ Mayhew, Paul (July 23, 1956). "The Talmadge Story". The New Republic . Retrieved 2020-06-09 .
9. ^ "Herman Talmadge, 88; Georgia Senator". March 22, 2002 – via LA Times.
10. ^ "Oral History Interview with Herman Talmadge, July 15 and 24, 1975. Interview A-0331-one. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007): Electronic Edition. Senator Herman Talmadge Recalls His Early Involvement in Georgia Politics, His Begetter's Political Legacy, and His Ascent to Prominence".
11. ^ Browning, Joan C.; Burlage, Dorothy Dawson (March 2002). Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. ISBN9780820324197.
12. ^ "Famous Alumni". druidhillshs.dekalb.k12.ga.us . Retrieved 2021-09-27 .
13. ^ ^{a b} Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (1993). "Herman E. Talmadge: From Civil Rights to Watergate". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (1): 145–157. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40582658.
14. ^ Reynolds, Clifford P. (1961). Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1961: The Continental Congress, September five, 1774, to October 21, 1788 and the Congress of the United states, from the First to the Eighty-sixth Congress, March four, 1789, to January 3, 1961, Inclusive. Washington, D.C.: U.Due south. Government Press Office. p. 1688.
15. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (1993). "Herman E. Talmadge: From Ceremonious Rights to Watergate". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (1): 146. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40582658 – via JSTOR.
16. ^ Times, Due west. h Lawrence Special To the New York (1956-05-10). "TALMADGE ENTERS SENATE CAMPAIGN; Former Governor Acts After George'south Declaration TALMADGE OPENS SENATE Entrada Talmadge Is in Florida". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-07-07 .
17. ^ Herman Talmadge (1955). You And Segregation Past Herman Talmadge.
18. ^ Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-03) "The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled" Archived 2011-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, Salon.com
19. ^ Gay, James Thomas (1996). "Richard B. Russell and the National School Lunch Program". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. lxxx (4): 871–872. JSTOR 40583600 – via JSTOR.
20. ^ Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Select Commission on Nutrition and Human Needs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Authorities Printing Office. 1969. p. 3644.
21. ^ Talmadge: A Political Legacy, A Politician's Life. Herman Talmadge with Mark Royden Winchell
22. ^ "A Brief History of the Senate Committee on Agriculture". United states Capitol Historical Society . Retrieved 2021-09-28 .
23. ^ Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.South. Elections, p. 1441
24. ^ Clymer, Adam (March 22, 2002). "Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88". New York Times . Retrieved October 14, 2014.
25. ^ Farlow, Emily. "Curtis Lee Atkinson, 83: Banana secretarial assistant of state for Max Cleland". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved 2021-09-28 .
26. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (Summer 1999). "" 'The Greatest Civics Lesson in Our History': Herman Talmadge and Watergate from a Twenty-5-Year Perspective"". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 83 (2): 321. JSTOR 40584148 – via JSTOR.
27. ^ "Expulsion and Censure". United States Senate. Retrieved May 31, 2006.
28. ^ "Trial Of a Lion: Talmadge fights for survival". Fourth dimension. Vol. 113, no. 20. May xiv, 1979. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
29. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Censure Case of Herman due east. Talmadge of Georgia (1979)".
30. ^ B. Drummond Ayres Jr. (Oct 12, 1979). "SENATE DENOUNCES TALMADGE, 81 TO 15, OVER HIS FINANCES". The New York Times.
31. ^ ^{a b} Harris, Fine art (August 23, 1980). "Drawlin' and Brawlin'". The Washington Post.
32. ^ Senate Historical Office. "The Censure Instance of Herman E. Talmadge of Georgia (1979)". senate.gov.
33. ^ "Herman Talmadge (1913-2002)". New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2018-09-13 .
34. ^ ^{a b} "Settlement Ends Talmadge Arrange At Concluding Minute". Washington Postal service. 1978-12-12. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-09-xix .
35. ^ "Account Login | Whitepages Premium". premium.whitepages.com . Retrieved 2018-09-nineteen .
36. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. "Mrs. Talmadge Tells of a Glaze Stuffed With $100 Bills". Retrieved 2018-09-14 .
37. ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe Academy. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2015-03-thirteen .
38. ^ "Former Ga. Gov. Talmadge Dies". AP NEWS . Retrieved 2021-06-06 .

External links [edit]

• New Georgia Encyclopedia Article
• Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Athenaeum, and Rare Books Library, Emory University: Betty Talmadge papers, 1932-1981

• Us Congress. "Herman Talmadge (id: T000035)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Oral History Interviews with Herman Talmadge Herman Talmadge and Jack Nelson, conducted by Oral History Interview with Herman Talmadge, July 15 and 24, 1975. Interview A-0331-1. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)., Herman Talmadge and Jack Nelson, conducted by Oral History Interview with Herman Talmadge, July 29 and August 1, 1975. Interview A-0331-2. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)., Herman Talmadge and Jack Nelson, conducted past Oral History Interview with Herman Talmadge, December eighteen, 1975. Interview A-0331-3. Southern Oral History Plan Collection (#4007)., Herman Talmadge and John Egerton, conducted by Oral History Interview with Herman Talmadge, November eight, 1990. Interview A-0347. Southern Oral History Plan Collection (#4007). from Oral Histories of the American South Oral History Interviews, 1985-1995. Georgia'due south Political Heritage Program, (University of West Georgia. Carrollton, Ga.
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Herman Talmadge is available at the Internet Archive
• Talmadge Plaza historical marking

Political offices
Preceded by Eugene Talmadge Elect	Governor of Georgia 1947	Succeeded by Melvin E. Thompson
Preceded past Melvin Due east. Thompson	Governor of Georgia 1948–1955	Succeeded past Marvin Griffin
Party political offices
Preceded by Eugene Talmadge	Democratic nominee for Governor of Georgia 1948, 1950	Succeeded by Marvin Griffin
Preceded by Walter F. George	Democratic nominee for U.South. Senator from Georgia (Class 3) 1956, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980	Succeeded past Wyche Fowler
U.S. Senate
Preceded past Walter F. George	U.S. Senator (Grade 3) from Georgia 1957–1981 Served alongside: Richard B. Russell Jr., David H. Gambrell, Sam Nunn	Succeeded by Mack Mattingly
Preceded past Allen J. Ellender	Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee 1971–1981	Succeeded by Jesse Helms

What Did Eugene Talmadge Do,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Talmadge

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